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Surcharges result in fewer, larger banks that have the ability to impose higher fees. The McAndrews article discussed on the resources page details some of the competitive problems caused by ATM surcharging.

Also, anti-trust law expert David Balto has detailed the issues in several articles. Here are two of them:

ATM SURCHARGES: PANACEA OR PANDORA'S BOX? (1996)

and "Regulatory, Competitive, and Antitrust Challenges of ATM Surcharges," (1998).

Also, see the PIRG White Paper on ATM surcharging, which references testimony by small, community bankers against the mergers of several large banks ) because those bank mergers result in ATM network ownership consolidation, which results in numerous unfair practices. See testimony of Craig Collette, California Independent Bankers, in the transcripts of the 10 July 98 Federal Reserve field hearings on the Nationsbank and Bank of America merger. You'll need to scroll down to his testimony. A .pdf version of his written testimony (starts on page 5) is also available.